Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Psychological Struggle and Academic Performance of Single...

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING Background of the Study Statistics shows that two of every ten college students today is a single parent, whether male or female. And the number of single parents in college is on a steady rise. This shouldnt really be surprising since single-parent households have been on a sharp and steady increase for several decades. Today, there are more single parents enrolled in college than ever before. Single parents face difficult challenges, and single parents who are also college students have additional stresses and demands to deal with. In fact, an international study conducted shows that juggling between study and raising a child has an enormous impact to the persistence of single mothers in†¦show more content†¦In his theory, enrollment, attendance, institution type, and student behaviors that influence student involvement in the institution are also assumed to impact students’ feelings of membership and participation in institutional life. Thus, the level of participation influences students’ decisions to stay enrolled and attain a degree, to transfer to another institution, or to discontinue enrolment in postsecondary education which he termed as student departure (Christie, 2002). Vincent Tinto identifies three major sources of student departure: academic difficulties, the inability of individuals to resolve their educational and occupational goals, and their failure to become or remain incorporated in the intellectual and social life of the institution. Moreover, the change in support systems is also related to integration into the campus system. The theory contends that given students’ demographic characteristics and their pre-entry intentions, goals, and commitments, the decision to persist is a function of the extent to which the student has become academically and socially integrated into the institution. Tinto suggested that where there is poor academic and social integration, the student’s experience at the institution is negative which affects the decision to withdraw and exit from the institution. This theory, in relation to single parents in college institutions, contends that there is a needShow MoreRelatedBad Study Habits Of College Students Essay1663 Words   |  7 PagesThis is due to reasons such as not being able to successfully cope with the transition, lack of financial support from parents, not being able to balance working and school, and life demands. But for the students that decide to continue with their education, they forced to worth though many academic struggles in order to reach their ultimate goal. Study Habits The most common academic challenges are understanding the content of the course, effective study times, lack of motivation for the course orRead MoreFamily Structures Are Extremely Varied In Today’S Society.1625 Words   |  7 PagesFamily structures are extremely varied in today’s society. Single-parent families are becoming increasingly common. Traditions have changed; men and women do not feel pressured to take care of responsibilities at home. Children are being left behind, without knowing how this will influence their lives. Mothers and fathers serve vital roles in the life of their kids. Individuals inherit many things from their parents such as; their personality, values, beliefs and some similarities in behavior. InRead MoreThe Educational Plan For Education837 Words   |  4 Pagesthe teachers must consider multiple factors that will have an effect on students’ psychological and social development. In addition, the issue of minorities is changing the dynamics of education. While student populations were never really homogeneous, the past couple of decades of exceptional growth in student diversity, plus the widening economic gap among students have produced even larger and increasing academic and cultural differences among students. Often times, diversity is being neglectedRead MoreChild Parent Conflict and Academic Performance2186 Words   |  9 PagesChild-Parent Conflict and Academic Performance Introduction Education and family plays a major role in the psychological development of a child. Parent- child relationships are unique, but vary in complexity (Barber, 1994); however, the universal element among all relationships is conflict. Child-parent conflict is defined as a struggle, or trial of strength between a child (defined in my research paper as an individual under the age of 18) and their guardian(s). There are many different conflictsRead MoreSocial Inequity And Education : How Does Socio Economic Inequity Affect The Performance And Engagement Of Students?1282 Words   |  6 Pagessocio-economic inequity affect the performance and engagement of students? Introduction Around the world, socio-economic groups influence the performance and engagement of students. This can be partly explained by the genetic variations present among each individual but the major causes of this phenomenon are resources and opportunities. Student engagement can be referred to as their sense of acceptance and belonging of the goals of schooling. It also involves their psychological investment towards masteringRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children And Children1540 Words   |  7 Pagesexternalizing behaviors, internalizing problems, academic achievement, and quality of social relationships. According to Lansford, in many cases, a divorce leads to negative outcomes such as lower academic accomplishments and problematic social relationships. However, these cases do not reflect an accurate perception because the methodology might be unsophisticated. For example, if the case does not control the socioeconomic status, a child living with a single parent will have lower e conomical resources availableRead MoreHow Divorce Has Changed Changing Society1491 Words   |  6 PagesToday, society sees a wide range of family structures other than the original traditional family. Family relationships that exist today include blended families, single parent, gay and lesbian families. There is also of course the divorced family. However, changes within societies, groups, and families can have drastic sociological, psychological, and cultural effects. The change in a family structure to a divorced family structure can produce these effects. Divorce can be viewed by many as the endingRead MorePositive Effects Of A Stable Biological Parents On Children Essay1852 Words   |  8 PagesPositive Impact of Two Stable Biological Parents on Children The debate on the type of family structure that has a positive influence on children has been widely contentious. In the recent years, the family structure has continued to change. Many people in the modern society have continued to change their attitudes when it comes to matters of marriage and raising children. There are more single parents in the society today as a result of divorce and separations. Consequently, this has contributedRead MoreFamilial Support For Children During The Stressful Period Of Divorce Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesFamilial support for children. In many cases, parents or other family members are not able to be as supportive to their children during the stressful period surrounding divorce. One study by Amato (1993) noted that divorce is one of the life’s most stressful occurrences, and adults experience significant difficulty in their life adjustment after the divorce, which may impact their interactions with their children. Parents are less emotionally available during this time (Riggio Valenzuela, 2011)Read MoreMedia Changes The World For The Worst1565 Words   |  7 Pagesremarried parents, extended families living together, and kids who never really had a family should also be included. This will increase the overall sense of happiness and well-being among children whose families don t necessarily fit in with society. Both mothers and fathers play a vital role in the growth and development of children. It s proven that the amount of nurture a child gets while growing up guides them into how they will act later on in life. Bradford Wilcox said, Each parent is a role

Monday, December 16, 2019

Rumored Buzz on Aice Argumnetative Essay Samples Revealed

Rumored Buzz on Aice Argumnetative Essay Samples Revealed There are invariably a wide variety of opinions on the field of technology, and here are our favourite things to consider on this issue. To the contrary, some are the largest market players. Some men and women live their lives in accordance with their religion while some don't think you should factor that into decision making in regards to determining rules for everybody. Various individuals need different approaches. Researching the topic will enable you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you really like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. You might also see essay examples. You might also see concept essays. When you develop this kind of essay, you should make your claims by your composition so it will be open fordebate. You could also see short essay. You can also see academic essay. You might also see descriptive essay. It is crucial to remember an argumentative essay and an expository essay could be similar, but they vary greatly with respect to the sum of pre-writing and research involved. Whatever the simple truth is, make sure the essay is appealing and generate interest among the readers to get involved in the debate. You could also see analytical essay. The thing you ought to do to be able to structure an argumentative essay is to set a claim that's debatable. It is a type of thesis or composition where you have to present your view and attempt to convince others that your facts and arguments are correct. Aice Argumnetative Essay Samples Ideas You should back up your viewpoint with well-researched facts and data too. If you've got more information to share, you can include as many as five body paragraphs. You may examine the further details on how best to compose an eye-catching es say introduction with a hook. Include a quick notice of conducting more research into the subject. These are the types of things you'll be exploring when you compose a parenting argumentative essay. I'll first think about the wrenches. Daily we receive tons ofinformation from other sources. Search for jargon, words that are only employed by people that are knowledgeable about your topic. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't tough to discover. It is not difficult to arrive at the conclusion that what they let us know is actually that which we want to cover. You're probably being requested to write a couple of pages in an essay similar to this or perhaps as many as five pages. Quite frequently, the very best topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. However, that doesn't indicate that all of us feel homework is a poor thing. Here are a couple of our picks. Pay close attention to all things electronic, and you will be certain to find something debatable of what you see. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it. Odds are, all you have to do is relax and locate a topic you're passionate about and, obviously, one that's debatable. The absolute most noted characteristic of this date is the fact that it seems to mark the conclusion of the Mayan calendar. Men and women argue all of the time. Wonderful beginning to our Presentation Week. Here is some guidance regarding how you might proceed. There are lots of things to argue when it regards the law. You would like to persuade the admissions officer that you're the perfect person for their campus. In reality, the action of arguing involves providing proof to back up your claim, with or without emotions. The Lost Secret of Aice Argumnetative Essay Samples This is a som ewhat broad category, so there are a great deal of topics to pick from and even more that you could create all on your own. By considering the GP essay prompts below, you're gaining an increasing number of exposure to the GP WRITING TASK. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points you could counter to your own points. Due to this, many disagree on the way the laws should change (if they ought to change at all) and there are numerous topics to select from.

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Global Leadership and Change Free Samples â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Identify the current global trends that you see driving a global leadership agenda and define your responsibility and need to continue to adapt and grow as a global leader. Answer: Introduction: The portfolio is focused on to assess the need for global leadership for future improvements of the organizations. The entire task will concentrate on determining the current global trends that are responsible for ushering the agenda of global leadership. The needs of the development of global leadership are clearly associated with the recent global trends. As with the emergence of globalization the organizational structures are changing over time, therefore, there is an increasing need for changing the leadership structure. According to Bradshaw (2009), the term leadership signifies the ability of a person to guide and instruct a single person or a group of persons or an organization. Therefore, for the success of an organization development of leadership practices are essential, it helps the organizations to operate in the market efficiently as well as profitably. Thus, the current trends of globalization depict that the markets are more liberal, and there is a continuously increas ing level of competition in the market. In order to, cope up with this type of adverse situation the organizations should opt for developing an efficient and effective leadership practices within the organization (Thorn, 2012). This will, in turn, help the employees to become eligible to meet all the current market needs in an efficient and time effective manner. Therefore, presently development of leadership skills is a crucial factor for the individuals. The study will also concentrate on providing an appropriate theory for the development of leadership capabilities by the individuals. In the next few sections, the related concerns regarding the global leadership needs and development have been discussed briefly. Global leadership concerns for the future: According to Gardner (2006), the global leadership agenda depicts broadly four trends that are specific and strong enough to drive the entire process. The leaders are now being defined by responsibilities and influence, not by their roles. It has been seen that most of the employees of the bigger organizations characterize the leaders by their degree of influence in the organization not by their designation. The high-performance organizations are nowadays providing managers the facility to choose voluntarily to be a part of the leadership development programs. The strategic workforce planning nowadays drives the global leadership development programs. Business performance is being used as a tool to measure the effectiveness of the leadership development program. The global trends signify that the growth and self-awareness aspects of the global leadership program are necessary to be matched with the current trends of global leadership needs. Therefore, with the increase in the level of responsibilities, it is essential for the managers or the potential leaders to build up a significant level of self-awareness. As per Lo pez-Mulnix, Wolverton and Zaki (2011), this will help them to achieve organizational success as well as guiding others in an efficient manner and thereby increase the profitability of the organization as a whole. Again, as stated in unit-2, the business performance is now being used as a measurement of the effectiveness of global leadership programs it is also essential to develop personal growth in order to achieve a better leadership growth, so that ultimately the program succeeds. Emerging leadership theory to guide your leadership development: According to Holt and Seki (2012), there are a number of leadership theories, which the emerging leaders may follow in order to manage and develop the workforce of the organization. Now, in order to mitigate the issues arising out of recent trends in globalization and various external factors the organization may adopt the contingency theory of leadership. This will help the organization to assimilate the current trends of globalization as well as the development of the organization. The contingency theory is based on the situational analysis of the organization as well as the perceived quality of the leader. Therefore, the contingency theory of leadership development can be used by the organization at the current situation so as to cope up with the current trends of globalization and the skill requirements of the workers. According to Mobley, Li and Wang (2011), technological factors, interest groups of the customers, competitors, distributors and suppliers are the main contingencies for the organization. Morgan (2014), pointed out certain features of the contingency theory of leadership such as, the organizations should be attentive while looking after the fact of satisfying the internal needs of the organization as well as considering the environmental factors also. The strategies formed within the organization should maintain an order in accordance with the environmental factors. However, the creator of the model that is Fred Fiedler stated that, the organizations should look after a few facts so that the model can design the leadership framework more effectively. The relationship between the leader and the followers should be polite. The leaders should be equipped with the ultimate power in the organization, so that they can lead the organization towards prosperity more efficiently (Caligiuri Tarique, 2012). Compared to the other theories it is quite evident that choosing the contingency theory will be appropriate for the organization. This is because the relational theory of employee motivation is based on the fact that the effectiveness of the leadership practices depends on the ability of the leader to create a professional relationship with the organization. Therefore, applying this theory may not be appropriate, as this theory does not emphasize on the situational analysis of the organization as well as the external environment (Osland Bird, 2013). In the previous assignment, the responsibilities to prepare for becoming a leader have been discussed. The report also contained certain theories that are necessary for the leaders to learn in order to stay focused towards the organizational goal. The goal of leadership is to motivate a workforce or a number of people to achieve a common goal together. Therefore, it can be said that the unit has covered all the aspects of leadership responsibility and that too in reference to the other organizations to provide practical examples. Thus, it can be said that the unit has become successful in achieving all the aspects of leadership responsibilities (Chhokar, Brodbeck House, 2013). Personal plan for developing global leadership competencies: In order to achieve the proper management and planning, the leaders have to understand the responsibilities and their own abilities regarding their management skills. Personal development is the core activity of developing the leadership skills for performing better in the work places. Responsibilities and the requirements to adopt and grow as a global leader: In order to develop the skills for the global leadership, the leaders have to ensure the following responsibilities: Inspire the workforce: One of the most important responsibilities of the global leadership and management is to inspire the workforce for better performances. The leaders of any organization have the responsibility of motivating the lower level employees. They have to inspire them and lead them for developing better future by achieving the goals and objectives of their working field (Steers, Sanchez-Runde Nardon, 2012). Developing relationships: The leaders are also responsible for developing relationships with the employees of the organization in which they are working. They should develop a workplace environment in which the employees will be able to develop a good interpersonal relationship among them (Stahl et al., 2012). Monitoring: The activities of the entire workforce should be monitored by the leaders. The leaders have the responsible of checking the quality of the works done by the employees. They should analyze the efficiency of the work and the activities for understanding the strength and weaknesses of the individual employees and the whole workforce (Gagnon Collinson, 2014). Nurturing: The effective leaders have to nurture other employees. Wise leaders cultivate the skills of the employees for understanding their leadership skills. The leaders have the responsibility of developing future leaders who will able handle the important responsibilities. They should demonstrate the leadership skills for helping the employees to be the future leaders (Mendenhall et al., 2012). Developing culture: The organizational culture plays a vital role in the success of their operations. The leaders of the organization have the responsibilities of developing a good culture in the workplaces which will enable the opportunity of high productivity from the employees (Youssef Luthans, 2012). Diagnose: Effective leaders have the duty of diagnosing the work of the employees. They should determine who are performing better and who are not working better. They have to understand the nature of the problem the employees are facing while working in their workplaces and then fix the problems by proper diagnosis. Celebrate: The celebrations help the employees to have some good feelings in the workplaces. The leaders have the responsibilities of finding the reasons and arrange celebrations in the workplaces. Communicate: The leaders should communicate the relevant information to the employee in an effective manner. They have to recognize the communication objectives and information and then communicate with the stake holders. These can be any new decisions, expectations, actions against complaints etc. They should take both the verbal and written format for communicating with the employees. In this area, the leaders should have good presentation skills also. Acknowledge mistakes: Leaders are human beings and mistakes may be done by themselves also. Effective leaders should acknowledge their mistakes. They should not try to cover their mistakes by taking any unjustified way. They must have to demonstrate that they will take proper actions for preventing this kind of mistake in future. Review of the discussion on Gardners five minds level of competency and the Global Leadership inventory: There are five different mind sets for defining the characteristics of the leaders. In order to achieve the competency level for the global leadership, the leaders should have the following mind sets. The disciplined mind: one of the important characteristic of being a global leader should have a disciplined mind. The leaders should maintain discipline in the workplace and should ensure that all the other employees will also maintain those. Marinating the classroom disciplines is providing the ability of maintain the disciplines in the future as a global leader (Lisa Dragoni, 2014). The synchronized mind: The global leaders should have a synchronized mind through which they can understand the strength and weaknesses of themselves as well as these of other employees. The personal assessment is helping to develop this skill (Dubrin, 2015). The creating mind: Innovation and developing good culture are very important for being a good global leader. In this context, the global leaders should have a creative mind which will help them to develop the desired level of innovation and new components of the organizational culture. The ability of my innovative thinking is one of the strength of my leadership skills. The respectful mind: The global leaders should give respect to all other employees. They should have the respectful mind and should ensure that all the employees are giving the desired level respects to others. They should appreciate all types of diversity in the workplaces (Daft, 2014). The ethical mind: The ethical mind is very vital for the global leaders; they have to maintain all the ethical considerations at the workplaces. The leaders have to seek both good citizenship and good work together. I dont have enough knowledge about the ethical considerations of the workplaces. In have to gain my knowledge base in the practical filed (Ciulla, 2014). Plan for supporting the personal growth: Skill Current Proficiency Target Proficiency Development Opportunity Criteria for Judging Success Time Scale Priority 1 Presentation skills Competent in the classroom environment but nervous in the practical field. Confident in classroom presentation. Make good presentation in the class room in front of all the students and the course guides. Achieve high level grade in the classroom presentation. By the end of the course. Priority 2 Written Skills Lack of critical thinking. Good descriptive writing style and critical writing. Show the work to the classmates and assessors for improving the skill. Achieve high grade in the projects of critical writing. In the courses which require written assignments. Priority 3 Commercial awareness Interested in the area of the commercial issues, but not aware about the practical field. Gain practical knowledge. Participate in the programs in which the commercial awareness can be developed. Be able to handle the real life scenario of the business organizations. During the summer vacation. Priority 4 Team work Lack of trusting and practical experience of teamwork. Gaining practical knowledge and reliability in people for greater team work. Perform effective teamwork in the class room. Achieve effective level of outcomes in the projects of team work. While doing group projects. Priority 5 Leadership Lack of confidence and monitoring. Confident leadership style. Lead the students in the different projects. Achieve high level of satisfaction from the group members through the leadership. During the group projects of university. Evaluation of the process: The area of my leadership skills which needs to be improved are mentioned in the PDP plan given in the above section. The learning environment of the current course will be utilized for the development of my leadership skills. The skills will be upgraded within the completion of the learning course by following the mentioned procedures in the PDP plan. The leadership skills can be improved through the use of teamwork projects in the academic course. The practical knowledge of the commercial area will be improved through the practical work with a business organization. Conclusion: In order to conclude it can be said that, the portfolio has covered all the requirements as mentioned. In the first part of the portfolio the concerns of global leadership along with the trends of global leadership. An appropriate model of leadership has been selected in the portfolio, and the justification for selecting the specific model has been provided. The study has recommended the contingency model of leadership for the organization as this model is concentrated on the situational analysis of the organization. The other models rely more on the attitude of the leaders. Therefore, this model is considered to be the perfect one. While reviewing the unit-4 the study has found that the assignment has covered all the aspects of the development of leadership. Hence, it can be said that the unit-4 is efficient enough to cover all the aspects related to preparing self to become a leader. In the final section of the portfolio, a personal development plan for developing leadership skills has been provided. This section has emphasized on the potential skills that a leader should possess in order to be successful; these include motivating the workforce, effective communication, appraising the employees as well and much more. The acquisition of all these skills will make a leader become successful. Therefore, the essential strengths which are required by a leader in order to be successful are stated n this section. In the next section based on the strengths and weaknesses, a personal development plan has been proposed. This will help to become a successful leader and that too within specified time. References: Bradshaw, P. (2009). A contingency approach to nonprofit governance. Nonprofit Management Leadership, 20(1), 61-81. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nml.241 Caligiuri, P. Tarique, I., (2012). Dynamic cross-cultural competencies global leadership effectiveness.Journal of World Business,47(4), pp.612-622. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013). Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Ciulla, J. B. (Ed.). (2014).Ethics, the heart of leadership. ABC-CLIO. Daft, R. (2014).The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Dubrin, A. (2015).Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Gagnon, S., Collinson, D. (2014). Rethinking global leadership development programmes: The interrelated significance of power, context and identity. Organization Studies, 35(5), 645-670. Gardner, H. (2006). Five minds for the future. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. ISBN: 9781591399124 Gardner, H. (2006).Five minds for the future. Harvard Business Press. Holt, K., Seki, K. (2012). Global leadership: A developmental shift for everyone. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 196-215. Lisa Dragoni, P. M. C. (2014). Global leadership development. The Routledge Companion to International Human Resource Management. Lo pez-Mulnix, E., Wolverton, M., Zaki, S. (2011). Latinas in the workplace. Sterling, Va.: Stylus Pub. Mendenhall, M. E., Reiche, B. S., Bird, A., Osland, J. S. (2012). Defining the global in global leadership. Journal of World Business, 47(4), 493-503. Mobley, W., Li, M., Wang, Y. (2011). Advances in global leadership. Bingley: Emerald. Morgan, G. (2014). Images of organization. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Osland, J. S., Bird, A., (2013). Process models of global leadership development. Global leadership: Research, practice and development, 97-112. Stahl, G., Bjrkman, I., Farndale, E., Morris, S. S., Paauwe, J., Stiles, P., ... Wright, P. (2012). Six principles of effective global talent management. Sloan Management Review, 53(2), 25-42. Steers, R. M., Sanchez-Runde, C., Nardon, L. (2012). Leadership in a global context: New directions in research and theory development. Journal of World Business, 47(4), 479-482. Thorn, I. M. (2012). Leadership in international organizations: Global leadership competencies. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 15(3), 158-163. Youssef, C. M., Luthans, F. (2012). Positive global leadership. Journal of World Business, 47(4), 539-547. erging leadership theory to guide your leadership d

Sunday, December 1, 2019

The Period Between 1880 And 1900 Was A Boom Time For American Essays

The period between 1880 and 1900 was a boom time for American politics. The country was for once free of the threat of war, and many of its citizens were living comfortably. However, as these two decades went by, the American farmer found it harder and harder to live comfortably. Crops such as cotton and wheat, once the bulwark of agriculture, were selling at prices so low that it was nearly impossible for farmers to make a profit off them. Furthermore, improvement in transportation allowed foreign competition to materialize, making it harder for American farmers to dispose of surplus crop. Finally, years of drought in the midwest and the downward spiral of business in the 1890's devastated many of the nation's farmers. As a result of the agricultural depression, many farm groups, most notably the Populist Party, arose to fight what farmers saw as the reasons for the decline in agriculture. During the last twenty years of the nineteenth century, many farmers in the United States saw monopolies and trusts, railroads, and money shortages and the demonetization of silver as threats to their way of life, though in many cases their complaints were not valid. The growth of the railroad was one of the most significant elements in American economic growth. However, in many ways, the railroads hurt small shippers and farmers. Extreme competition between rail companies necessitated some way to win business. To do this, many railroads offered rebates and drawbacks to larger shippers who used their rails. However, this practice hurt smaller shippers, including farmers, for often times railroad companies would charge more to ship products short distances than they would for long trips. The rail companies justified this practice by asserting that if they did not rebate, they would not make enough profit to stay in business. In his testimony to the Senate Cullom Committee, George W. Parker stated, "...the operating expense of this road...requires a certain volume of business to meet these fixed expenses....in some seasons of the year, the local business of the road...is not sufficient to make the earnings...when we make up a train of ten of fifteen cars of local freight...we can attach fifteen or twenty cars...of strictly through business. We can take the latter at a very low rate than go without it." Later, when asked the consequences of charging local traffic the same rate as through freight, Mr. Parker responded, "Bankruptcy, inevitably and speedy...". While the railroads felt that they must use this practice to make a profit, the farmers were justified in complaining, for they were seriously injured by it. A perfect example of this fact can be found in The Octopus by Frank Norris. A farmer named Dyke discovers that the railroad has increased their freight charges from two to five cents a pound. This new rate, "...ate up every cent of his gains. He stood there ruined." (Doc. H). The railroads regularly used rebates and drawbacks to help win the business of large shippers, and made up this loss in profit by increasing the cost to smaller shippers such as farmers. As a result, many farmers, already hurt by the downslide in agriculture, were ruined. Thus, the farmers of the late nineteenth century had a valid complaint against railroad shippers, for these farmers were hurt by the unfair practices of the railroads. Near the end of the nineteenth century, business began to centralize, leading to the rise of monopolies and trusts. Falling prices, along with the need for better efficiency in industry, led to the rise of such companies as Carnegie Steel and Standard Oil, which controlled a majority of the nation's supply of raw steel and oil respectively. The rise of these monopolies and trusts concerned many farmers, for they felt that the disappearance of competition would lead to erratic and unreasonable price rises that would hurt consumers. James B. Weaver, the Populist party's presidential candidate in the 1892 election, summed up the feelings of many Americans of the period in his work, A Call to Action: An Interpretation of the Great Uprising. He wrote, "It is clear that trusts are...in conflict with the Common law. They are monopolies organized to destroy competition and restrain trade.... Once they secure control of a given line, they are master of the situation... They can limit the price of the raw material so as to impoverish the producer, drive him to a single market, reduce the price of every class of labor connected with the trade, throw out of employment large numbers persons...and finally...they increase the price to the consumer.... The main weapons of the trust are threats, intimidation, bribery, fraud, wreck,